|
Logo

Learning Beyond School in Mentoring for Leadership development of middle managers in Singapore primary schools

1 Leave a comment on paragraph 1 2 Abstract

2 Leave a comment on paragraph 2 0           Middle managers play an important role in schools as their effectiveness in leadership will ensure schools achieve goals towards a common vision (Wise, 2001; Bush 2009; Koh, Gurr, Drysdale, & Ang, 2010). In the context of Singapore schools, the term ‘middle managers’ refers to heads of department, the subject or level heads of different departments in the school. School leaders have promoted them from the role of a teacher to a middle manager position based on their assessed potential and competencies in the leadership (Ministry of Education, 2016).

3 Leave a comment on paragraph 3 0 A qualitative research study was conducted to study Singapore middle managers’ perception on their leadership development through mentoring. The sharing for this paper has focused on some of the findings derived from twenty one-to-one interview sessions with middle managers from different primary schools in Singapore. In particular, middle managers’ interpretation on how mentoring beyond the schools could have a positive impact on their leadership development.

4 Leave a comment on paragraph 4 1 One of the significant findings was their interest to seek mentoring beyond their schools or even in organisations not from school context. There was a strong desire to learn from mentors from another school locally and beyond Singapore. In addition, middle managers also perceived mentoring experience from a different context could potentially develop their leadership in schools to meet their specific needs and overcome the challenges of their role in schools.

5 Leave a comment on paragraph 5 0  

6 Leave a comment on paragraph 6 0 Keywords: mentoring, leadership development, middle managers

7 Leave a comment on paragraph 7 0  

8 Leave a comment on paragraph 8 0 Introduction

9 Leave a comment on paragraph 9 0 Building the capacity of the middle managers is crucial to the success of schools in bringing positive change (Bush, 2009). Tucker, Young and Koschoreck (2012) have recognised school leadership as the key leverage to more effective schools and improved teaching and learning. Research in mentoring has shown mentoring can produce positive career outcomes and job satisfaction (Eby, 1997; Wanberg, Kammeyer-Mueller, & Marchese, 2006; Waters, 2004).

10 Leave a comment on paragraph 10 2 The role of middle managers has become more complex with more responsibilities at school instead of departmental level (Rosenfeld, Ehrich, & Cranston, 2008).  In Singapore, the learning curve for middle managers is steep and mentoring from an experienced leader can enhance the leadership of the middle managers in this learning process (Lim, 2005). The leadership role of middle managers will encompass the need to lead teachers teaching and to improve student learning outcomes (Burton and Brundrett, 2005) This research study explored mentoring for leadership development from the perspectives of middle managers. It seeks to gather insights to explore mentoring as an avenue in development of leadership competencies defined in the Leader Growth Model (LGM) – A toolkit for leadership development for leaders. The LGM is a guide designed for middle managers in Singapore schools to support personal growth plans in leadership development (LGM, 2014).

11 Leave a comment on paragraph 11 0  

12 Leave a comment on paragraph 12 1 Middle Managers in Singapore

13 Leave a comment on paragraph 13 0           Middle managers in Singapore school are teachers who are identified with good teaching skills and leadership competencies or potential to lead in a department. The leadership development of middle managers in Singapore schools is depicted in the framework of Leader Growth Model which states six dimensions for leadership development – (1) Ethical leader, (2) Educational leader, (3) Visionary leader, (4) Culture builder, (5) Change leader and (6) Network leader (LGM, 2014). In Singapore schools, the supervisors (school leaders) of middle managers are responsible to develop middle managers in the leadership role. They use the Leader Growth Model (LGM) toolkit as a guide to develop the middle managers. LGM was developed by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in 2014 for development of educational leaders in Singapore schools to cope with the increasing demands in the leadership role placed in the increasing complex education landscape (LGM, 2014).

14 Leave a comment on paragraph 14 0  

15 Leave a comment on paragraph 15 0 Mentoring for Leadership Development

16 Leave a comment on paragraph 16 0 In Singapore, middle managers (MMs) are mentored by the principal, vice-principals or senior middle managers. Using the Enhanced Performance Management System (EPMS), a developmental tool for work performance, middle managers and their mentors meet at the beginning of the year, mid-year and end of the year to plan, review and evaluate the work done as well as discuss the developmental progress in the leadership role of middle manager. EPMS is a competency-based performance management system and it aims to develop the knowledge, skills and professional characteristics for three different career tracks (Teaching, Leadership and Senior Specialist) in all Singapore schools at all levels  (MOE, 2006). Guided by the LGM, middle managers are mentored by their supervisors for their leadership development and the progress is documented in the EPMS.

17 Leave a comment on paragraph 17 1  

18 Leave a comment on paragraph 18 0 Literature Review

19 Leave a comment on paragraph 19 0 Complexity in the role of middle managers

20 Leave a comment on paragraph 20 2 Middle managers play multiple roles in the school, these roles require them to be competent in accomplishing different tasks for different stakeholders and meet different expectations. Brown and Rutherford (1998), in their study on heads of department, concluded a middle manager was expected to be servant leader, organisational architect, moral educator, social architect and a leading professional. Furthermore, the leadership role of middle managers has become more complex with more responsibilities at school instead of departmental level (Rosenfeld, Ehrich, & Cranston, 2008). The study by Rosenfeld et al. (2008) found middle managers played the roles of instructional leader, curriculum strategist, learning architect and administrative leader. In addition, they were also expected to inspire a vision, build a culture and lead in collaborative learning.

21 Leave a comment on paragraph 21 1 Being middle managers, there are many expectations in their competencies to perform different duties. Esp (1993) identified competencies for the role middle managers in “Middle Management Competence Framework” and grouped them in four clusters: (1) achieving cluster (initiative, critical information seeking, result orientation), (2) thinking cluster (analytical thinking, conceptual thinking, forward  thinking), (3) self cluster (positive self-awareness, thoroughness, perseverance), (4) working with others cluster (concern with impact , interpersonal awareness, strategic influencing, assertiveness, independence, training and support needs of others). Congruent to Esp’s description of the expected competencies, the Leader Growth Model (LGM) also stated similar competencies in the six dimensions for leaders in Singapore schools and they are (1) Ethical leader, (2) Educational leader, (3) Visionary leader, (4) Culture builder, (5) Change leader and (6) Network leader (LGM, 2014). Hence, middle managers in Singapore schools are expected to be equipped with multiple skills in managing and leading.

22 Leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 Middle managers will need to develop their leadership competencies effectively to lead their teachers in schools. Mentoring is an avenue to develop leadership where more experienced leaders in schools guide the middle managers to be competent leaders to perform various complex roles (Lim, 2006).

23 Leave a comment on paragraph 23 1  

24 Leave a comment on paragraph 24 0 Mentoring for Leadership Development

25 Leave a comment on paragraph 25 2 Research studies have indicated mentoring could contribute in positive career outcomes and job satisfaction (Eby, 1997; Wanberg, Kammeyer-Mueller, & Marchese, 2006; Waters, 2004). Mentoring relationship supports mentee’s career development and it has positive effects on mentee’s learning through development of a successful relationship (Ragins & Kram, 2007). Mentoring will also reinforce the mentees’ confidence in learning (Lankau & Scandura, 2002). Besides mentoring, coaching is also considered as a means to develop leadership, for example, in a study on executive coaching program, Moen and Federici (2012) indicated coaching has positive impact on participants. Both mentoring and coaching are approaches for development of leadership, some literature would make the distinction between them, for instance, Fielden (2005) defined mentoring as helping mentees in longer term for both career and personal development in preparation of the future roles and coaching would focus on development in specific area for achieving specific goal in a defined time frame. However, Clutterbuck (2012) has posited the functions of coaching and mentoring can be overlapped. The researcher in this study adopted the stance to regard coaching as part of mentoring in leadership development of middle managers.

26 Leave a comment on paragraph 26 1 Mentoring can be an effective approach in developing leadership for middle managers (Lim, 2006) but it needs the exploration on how it can better cater to middle managers’ needs in the development of the complex leadership role in schools. This paper uncovered the perception of middle managers on desired changes in mentoring, in particular, the findings indicated the need to have mentoring beyond the school.

27 Leave a comment on paragraph 27 0  

28 Leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 Research Methodology and Analysis

29 Leave a comment on paragraph 29 1 In this study, the research adopted the exploratory multiple case studies using the qualitative approach anchoring on the participants’ perceptions as key source of data. The method was to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews with middle managers from 20 different primary schools who were attending a leadership development course, Management and Leadership in Schools (MLS) at National Institute of Education, Singapore.

30 Leave a comment on paragraph 30 1 DiCicco-Bloom and Crabtree (2006) described a semi-structured interview as “generally organized around a set of predetermined open-ended questions, with other questions emerging from the dialogue between interviewer and interviewee” (p. 315). Hence, there were open-ended questions used in the interview guide for the interview sessions. During the interview, the interviewer also used probes to derive more information and clarify points or expand on an idea. Creswell (2014) suggests that such probes should be used to clarify purposes, or to elicit more details from the interviewee.

31 Leave a comment on paragraph 31 1 After the interviews, transcripts were read word for word where key information was highlighted to derive codes for key thoughts and concepts. Hsieh and Shannon (2005) posit that in a conventional analysis of data, labels of codes emerged from the data are sorted into categories after interpreting the codes that are related or linked before they are organised into meaningful cluster. It is a process of data reduction. In the same light, Miles and Huberman (1994) described it as the “process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions” (p. 10).  Data then became “organized, compressed assembly of knowledge that permit conclusion drawing and action” (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p. 11).  Adopting this approach, the final process in data analysis of this research was to derive themes when data were clustered by making comparisons, verifications and conclusions.

32 Leave a comment on paragraph 32 1                    In this paper, the sharing focused on the findings derived from the question: What are the desired changes in mentoring? Responding to this question, participants provided interesting insights and perspectives on leadership development of middle managers on mentoring were uncovered. Among them, three out of eight categories of codes in the clustered responses, were related to the desire to explore mentoring experiences beyond school.

33 Leave a comment on paragraph 33 0  

34 Leave a comment on paragraph 34 0  

35 Leave a comment on paragraph 35 0  

36 Leave a comment on paragraph 36 0  

37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0  

38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 Findings

39 Leave a comment on paragraph 39 1 Table 1

40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 Perception of middle managers on desired changes in mentoring

41 Leave a comment on paragraph 41 0  

Desired Changes No. of Participants Percentage
Provide mentoring beyond schools with different mentors 8 40

42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 0  

Need to find a good mentor outside school 7 35
Differentiate mentoring 7 35
Replicate the model of mentoring for teachers 6 30
Recognize role and effort in mentoring 4 20
Evaluate mentoring 4 20
Allow choice in mentoring 3 15
Ensure mentorship continuity 3 15

42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 0  

43 Leave a comment on paragraph 43 1 As seen in table 1 above, in response to the desired changes in mentoring for leadership development of middle managers, participants suggested several changes in the mentoring process and structure. Most of the participants suggested provision of mentoring experience for middle managers beyond school contexts and with different mentors (40%). Congruent to this desired change, there were other responses that were related to mentoring beyond schools – the need to find a good mentor outside school (35%) and to be allowed to have choice as mentoring were also interpreted from the participants’ perception. The corresponding quotations from the interviews to support the interpretation as presented in the following:

44 Leave a comment on paragraph 44 0 Need to find a good mentor

45 Leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 The participants in the study emphasized the need to find the “right person” to guide them in the “right way”. The mentor can be someone who is remote but accessible whenever the need arises.

  • 46 Leave a comment on paragraph 46 0
  • “….personally I find mentoring is having the right person there to help guide another person in the right way and you don’t need to be there 24/7, when the person needs it, you are there….A bit like the apprenticeship in the past , you learn the skills already , then  you go, but every time you need the shifu’s (mentor’s) help, then  you go and look for the shifu (mentor) so  that’s the whole idea.”

47 Leave a comment on paragraph 47 0  

48 Leave a comment on paragraph 48 0 Choice in mentoring and interest in “external mentor”

49 Leave a comment on paragraph 49 0 Participants of the study also suggested that mentee should have a choice on the mentor.

51 Leave a comment on paragraph 51 0 In expressing the need to choose their mentors, participants also suggested instead having the supervisor as mentor, middle managers want to have an “external” mentor from “another organization”.

  • 52 Leave a comment on paragraph 52 0
  • “Although supervisor is a possible mentor, but we should have a mentor who doesn’t have to be your  boss …. I suppose, …but you can have a mentor from another organization, …an external mentor and having a once a week meeting with him or her. You move away from school and to talk to someone outside school about your leadership…..”

53 Leave a comment on paragraph 53 0 Interest in strengths of leaders and best practices beyond their own schools

54 Leave a comment on paragraph 54 0 Participants also recommended middle managers to learn good practices or strengths of leaders from another school. Middle managers could learn “from another school’s perspective” with someone who could be good in the leadership competency of a specific area.

  • 55 Leave a comment on paragraph 55 0
  • “So maybe that VP (vice-principal) in another school is very strong in student leadership area , so  it’s good to learn from another school’s perspective, I thought it would be nice to be mentored by him or her instead of just  confined within your  school scope.”

56 Leave a comment on paragraph 56 0 Refreshing and energy booster from external mentors

57 Leave a comment on paragraph 57 0 Middle managers should have a mentoring experience in a different context. This was also a common suggestion gathered from the interviews. It would be “very refreshing” and would give middle manager the “energy booster” from mentoring in other organization too.

  • 58 Leave a comment on paragraph 58 0
  • “Attach the MM to HODs in another school, so you see another culture, you see another set of approaches. This will allow the officer see a bigger perspective and not just within your own school context…. what about attaching to those managers, not relating to teaching. Then you will have different set of thinking which  I think ..can  be very valuable. Like in MLS course, we went for an industrial visits that were not in school context and we saw how other organisations were run, the way they approach leadership is very different. It gives us the energy booster. In a school context, all of you will do the same thing. But if we really pull ourselves outside the comfort zone, really learn from another organization, what do they have to say about how they develop their own management, it will be very refreshing.”

59 Leave a comment on paragraph 59 0 Explore different culture and system overseas

60 Leave a comment on paragraph 60 0 Some participants in the study believed when middle managers attached to a strong school leader overseas for mentoring, they would be able to learn how to lead better from different culture and context.

  • 61 Leave a comment on paragraph 61 0
  • “So I felt it would be good if I have the chance to attach to this school overseas and be attached to the school leader…  I did once had the opportunity to go China and attached to a school principal there… I learned how she worked, how she conducted meetings and managed so many teachers. Weekly, she would conduct a meeting for 5 campuses so all the teachers would meet in one place, … I felt we can learn so much especially on how she observed teachers’ lessons…. how she managed and led with so many responsibilities at the same time, so this is something I hope I have a chance to learn again… from in a different  culture, different  context, it will be a good learning experience..”

62 Leave a comment on paragraph 62 0 Learn from another sector

63 Leave a comment on paragraph 63 0 A few participants suggested having leadership development mentoring experience in the private sector for middle managers. They could learn to be “inspirational” and become more effective in “managing people”.

  • 64 Leave a comment on paragraph 64 0
  • The mentors may be some directors from the private sectors. Because recently, we just visited the Boncafe, the manager shared about management with us, you can see that he’s really passionate, we can understand how the vision, mission really materialized under his leadership.. I was amazed by these people in the private sector, …You learn to be inspirational especially in managing people, I think they are quite strong in this area and their vision. Their vision and mission are not only words on the wall…”

65 Leave a comment on paragraph 65 1  

66 Leave a comment on paragraph 66 0  

67 Leave a comment on paragraph 67 0 Discussions and Implications

68 Leave a comment on paragraph 68 0 The study indicated that most of the participants in this research aspired to learn to lead through mentoring beyond their own schools. They were interested in specific skills or areas of leadership development which they aspired to learn from the identified leaders through mentoring beyond school. In particular, they mentioned that they would benefit the learning in people management, management practices and realization of vision.

69 Leave a comment on paragraph 69 0 Participants in this research suggested mentoring for middle managers in another organization or school would be beneficial for their leadership development. They expressed the desire to have mentors from another school or organization in a different industry. They opined that mentoring beyond their own schools with these different mentors would provide opportunities for them to learn different best practices. Their preference to learn from good leadership practices in a different context stemmed from the belief they can be more competent in leadership when they learn from a mentor for specific strengths. Instead of “one-mentor-fits-all”, having no choice on the mentor or limiting their learning from mentor in the same school, they preferred mentoring beyond school experience that can cater to their needs in leadership development. They believed this would benefit them especially when they identified specific competency or strength for their own leadership development and believed the identified mentors who could guide them effectively. This research indicated their keen interest in the “cross pollination” of learning experiences through mentoring for leadership in different and diverse contexts outside school – being mentored by leaders in other schools locally or overseas. Through this mentoring beyond schools, the participants believed they would gain greater insights, fresh perspectives and learn from the best practices at the targeted areas.

70 Leave a comment on paragraph 70 0 After this study, it would be useful to have further exploration in the possibilities in mentoring beyond schools especially based on strengths of different mentors in other schools or organisations for leadership development of middle managers. As technology advances, we could also study how to overcome time and space constraints in mentoring beyond schools by exploring online or remote mentoring to develop middle managers in leadership.

71 Leave a comment on paragraph 71 0  

72 Leave a comment on paragraph 72 0  

73 Leave a comment on paragraph 73 0  

74 Leave a comment on paragraph 74 0 Limitations and future research

75 Leave a comment on paragraph 75 0 Difficult to generalize

76 Leave a comment on paragraph 76 2 This research is a case study approach, it gives only insights into mentoring by limited number of participants in a limited number of contexts. It will be difficult to claim that most Singapore middle managers have the same desire to have mentoring beyond the school.

77 Leave a comment on paragraph 77 0 Extend to a quantitative study

78 Leave a comment on paragraph 78 1 The study has focused on perceptions from middle managers in 20 primary schools. A quantitative study can further research in this area by translating the findings in this research into survey questions on desired changes in mentoring for middle managers. The survey findings can then confirm if the suggested recommendation of mentoring middle managers beyond school for leadership development is a common desired change among most middle managers.

79 Leave a comment on paragraph 79 0 Include perception of mentors in the study

80 Leave a comment on paragraph 80 0 Future research can also explore mentors’ perception on mentoring beyond school for middle managers’ leadership development. This will provide a more holistic perspective. Comparing perceptions of mentors and mentees can further contribute to the understanding of mentoring in leadership development of middle managers. In particular, the perception on mentoring middle managers from different schools or organization would reflect if the idea of mentoring beyond school is supported from a mentors’ point of view.

81 Leave a comment on paragraph 81 0  

82 Leave a comment on paragraph 82 0 Conclusion

83 Leave a comment on paragraph 83 1 Middle managers are the nexus between vision and practice in schools as they lead and empower teachers to teach and inspire our students. Their leadership developmental needs are complex. This study revealed middle managers’ desire in learning to lead through mentoring beyond their school context. The participants indicated they need to find the right mentor who can help them to grow and they wanted to have the autonomy in deciding who will be their mentors beyond the school, especially for a specific area of interest or strength. It was also evident in this study, participants believed that through mentoring for leadership development beyond schools, they will be able to bring fresh perspectives and creative ideas in executing their leadership role.

84 Leave a comment on paragraph 84 0  

85 Leave a comment on paragraph 85 0 References

86 Leave a comment on paragraph 86 0  

87 Leave a comment on paragraph 87 0 Allen, T. (2003). Mentoring others: A dispositional and motivational approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 134–154.

88 Leave a comment on paragraph 88 0 Allen, T.D., Poteet, M.L., & Burroughs, S.M. (1997). The mentor’s perspective: A qualitative inquiry and future research ggenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70-89.

89 Leave a comment on paragraph 89 0 Allen,T.D., & Eby, L.T. (2008). Mentor commitment in formal mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 309-316.

90 Leave a comment on paragraph 90 0 American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. (2010, June 1). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf

91 Leave a comment on paragraph 91 0 Augustine-Shaw, D. (2015). Leadership and learning: Identifying an effective design for mentoring new building leaders. Teacher Leadership in Nonsupervisory Roles, 21-30.

92 Leave a comment on paragraph 92 0 Bambrick-Santoyo, P. (2012, December 1). Good coaching leads to good leadership. Retrieved Oct 16, 2014 from http://pdk.sagepub.com/content/94/4/70

93 Leave a comment on paragraph 93 0 Baranik, L.E., Roling, W.A., & Eby, L.T. (2010). Why does mentoring work? The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 366–373.

94 Leave a comment on paragraph 94 0 Bennett, N., Newton W., Wise,C., Woods, P.A., & Economou, A. (2003). The role and purpose of middle leaders in Schools. National College for School Leaderhship.

95 Leave a comment on paragraph 95 0 Bloom, G., Castagna, C., Moir, E., & Warren, B. (2005). Blended coaching, skills and strategies to support principal development. Thousand Oaks:California: Corwin Press.

96 Leave a comment on paragraph 96 0 Bloomberg, M. (2014). The role of mentoring. Physician Executive Journal, 88-90.

97 Leave a comment on paragraph 97 0 Boon, Z. (1998). Principalship mentoring in Singapore: Who and what benefits. Journal of Educational Administration, 29-43.

98 Leave a comment on paragraph 98 0 Boyatzis, R.E., Smith, M.L., Oosten, E.V., & Woolford, L. (2013). Developing resonant leaders through emotional intelligence, vision and coaching. Organizational Dynamics, 17-24.

99 Leave a comment on paragraph 99 0 Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input. Pathfinder International Tool Series, Monitoring and Evaluation – 2, 1-12.

100 Leave a comment on paragraph 100 0 Boyce, L.A., Jackson, R.J., & Neal, L.J. (2010). Building successful leadership coaching relationships. The Journal of Management Development, 914-931.

101 Leave a comment on paragraph 101 0 Brondyk, S., & Searby, L. (2013). Best practices in mentoring: Complexities and possbilities. International Journal of Mentoring, 189-203.

102 Leave a comment on paragraph 102 0 Brooks, Z., & Cavanagh, R. (2009). An examinationof middle leadership in Western Australian secondary schools. AARE Annual Conference (pp. 1-14). Canberra: Australian Association for Research in Education.

103 Leave a comment on paragraph 103 0 Brown, M., & Rutherford,D. (1998). Changing roles and raising standards: New challenges for heads of department. School Leadership and Management, 18(1), 75-88.

104 Leave a comment on paragraph 104 0 Buck, M. (2004). Mentoring: A promising strategy for creating and sustaining a learning organization. Journal of the American for Adult and Continuing Education, 8-11.

105 Leave a comment on paragraph 105 0 Bush, T. (2009). Leadership development and school improvement:contemporary issues in leadership development. Educational Review, 375-389.

106 Leave a comment on paragraph 106 0 Bush, T. (2012, July 18). Middle Level Leaders . Retrieved from http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/D455CAED-BA14-4D44-9AD1-6EBF0E02A51C/0/CGT_CPD_LeadingNCSLThinkpiece.pdf

107 Leave a comment on paragraph 107 0 Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2004). Leadership Development: Evidence and Beliefs. National College for School Leadership.

108 Leave a comment on paragraph 108 0 Casavant, M.D., & Cherkowski, S. (2001). Effective leadership:Bringing mentoring and creativity to the principalship. ProQuest Education Journals, 71-81.

109 Leave a comment on paragraph 109 0 Chao, G. (1997). Mentoring phases and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 15–28.

110 Leave a comment on paragraph 110 0 Clayton, J.K., Sanzo, K.L., & Myran, S. (2013). Understanding mentoring in leadership: Perspectives of district administrators and aspiring Leaders. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 77-96.

111 Leave a comment on paragraph 111 0 Clutterbuck, D. (2012, January 30). Coaching and Mentoring in Support of Management Development 1. doi:10.4135/978-1-8570-2103-5.n25

112 Leave a comment on paragraph 112 0 Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five approaches. Thousand Oaks: CA:Sage.

113 Leave a comment on paragraph 113 0 Creswell, J. (2014). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

114 Leave a comment on paragraph 114 0 Crippen, C., & Wallin, D. (2008). Mentoring and leadership. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 546-565.

115 Leave a comment on paragraph 115 0 Crouch, M., & McKenzie, H. (2006). The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research. Social Science Information, 483–499.

116 Leave a comment on paragraph 116 0 Crow, G.M. and Matthews, L.J. (1998). Finding One’s Way: How Mentoring Can Lead to Dynamic Leadership. California: Corwin Press, Inc.

117 Leave a comment on paragraph 117 0 Davis, S. (2007). Professional devleopment for middle managers. Auckland, New Zealand: Unitec Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/1305/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1

118 Leave a comment on paragraph 118 0 Deans, F., Oakley, L., James, R., & Wrigley, R. (2006). Coaching and Mentoring for Leadership Development in Civil Society. UK: International NGO Training Research Centre.

119 Leave a comment on paragraph 119 0 Dell, D. (2014, February 14). Mentoring as a Leadership Development Tool. Retrieved http://www.trainingmag.com/mentoring-leadership-development-tool

120 Leave a comment on paragraph 120 0 Denzin, Norman K., & Yvonna S. Lincoln. (2000). The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research 2, pp. 1-28.

121 Leave a comment on paragraph 121 0 Devine, M., Meyers, R., & Houssemand, C. (2013). How can coaching make a positive impact within educational settings? Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1382-1389.

122 Leave a comment on paragraph 122 0 DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B.F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education , 314-321.

123 Leave a comment on paragraph 123 0 Dinolfo, S., & Nugent, J.S. (2010). Making mentoring works. Retrieved from http://www.catalyst.org/system/files/Making_Mentoring_Work.pdf

124 Leave a comment on paragraph 124 0 Dziczkowski, J. (2013). Mentoring and leadership development. The Educational Forum, 351-360.

125 Leave a comment on paragraph 125 0 Earley P., & Fletcher-Campbell, F. (1989). The time to manage? Department and faculty heads at work. Windsor, Bershire: National Foundation for Education Research.

126 Leave a comment on paragraph 126 0 Eby, L. (1997). Alternative forms of mentoring in changing organizational environments: A conceptual extension of the mentoring literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 125–144.

127 Leave a comment on paragraph 127 0 Eby, L.T., & Lockwood A. (2005). Protege and mentors’ reactions to participating in formal mentoring programs: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 441-458.

128 Leave a comment on paragraph 128 0 Eby, L.T., & McManus, S.E. (2004). The protege role in negative mentoring experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 255–275.

129 Leave a comment on paragraph 129 0 Eby, L.T., Lockwood, A.L., & Butts, M. (2005). Perceived support for mentoring:A multiple perspectives approach. Journal Vocational Behavior, 267-291.

130 Leave a comment on paragraph 130 0 Eby, L.T., Rhodes, J., & Allen, T. D. (2007). Definition and evolution of mentoring. In L. T. Eby, & T. D. Allen, Blackwell handbook of mentoring (pp. 1-20). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

131 Leave a comment on paragraph 131 0 Ensher, E.A., & Murphy, S.E. (2010). The mentoring relationship challenges scale: The impact of stage, type, and gender. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 253-266.

132 Leave a comment on paragraph 132 0 Esp, D. (1993). Competences for School Managers. London: Kogan Page Limited.

133 Leave a comment on paragraph 133 0 Feldman, D. (1999). Toxic mentors or toxic proteges? A Critical re-examination of dysfunctional mentoring. Human Resource Management Review, 247-278.

134 Leave a comment on paragraph 134 0 Feldman, D.C., & Lankau, M.J. (2005). Executive coaching: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 829-848.

135 Leave a comment on paragraph 135 0 Fielden, S. (2005). Literature review: coaching effectiveness- a summary. London: NHS Leadership Centre.

136 Leave a comment on paragraph 136 0 Fleig-Palmer, M. (2009, July 31). The impact of mentoring on retention through knowledge transfer, affective commitment and trust. Dissertations and Theses from the College of Business Administration. Paper 4. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/businessdiss/4

137 Leave a comment on paragraph 137 0 Frels, R.K.,Zentek, L.R., & Onwuegbuzle, A.J. (2013). Differences of mentoring experiences across grade span among principals, mentors and mentees. Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 28-58.

138 Leave a comment on paragraph 138 0 Fullan, M. (2001). Leading In A Cultue of Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.

139 Leave a comment on paragraph 139 0 Garvey, B. (2012). Mentoring for leadership development: A case study of executive mentoring during the banking crisis. The International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching, 56-76.

140 Leave a comment on paragraph 140 0 Ghosh, R. (2014). Antecedents of mentoring support: A meta-analysis of individual, relational, and structural or organisational factors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 367–384.

141 Leave a comment on paragraph 141 0 Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: Interviews and focus groups. British Dental Journal 204, 291-295.

142 Leave a comment on paragraph 142 0 Glover, D., Gleeson, D., Gough, G., & Johnson, M. (1998). The meaning and management: The development needs of middle managers in secondary schools. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 279-292.

143 Leave a comment on paragraph 143 0 Guba, E.G., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1995). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In D. N. Y.S. (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: CA, Sage.

144 Leave a comment on paragraph 144 0 Hersey, P., & Chevalier, R. (2012). Situational Leadership and Executive Coaching. In M. Goldsmith, L. S. Lyons, & S. McArthur, Coaching for Leadership (pp. 270-284). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

145 Leave a comment on paragraph 145 0 Hobson, A. (2003). Mentoring and Coaching for New Leaders. Retrieved Oct 16, 2014, from www.ncsl.org.uk/literaturereviews

146 Leave a comment on paragraph 146 0 Hobson, A. J., & Malderez, A. (2013). Judgementoring and other threats to realizing the potential of school-based mentoring in teacher education. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 89-108.

147 Leave a comment on paragraph 147 0 Howe, D. C. (2010). Mentoring emerging generations. ProQuest Education Journals, 22-31.

148 Leave a comment on paragraph 148 0 Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.

149 Leave a comment on paragraph 149 0 Inzer, Lonnie D., & Crawford, C.B. (2005). A review of formal and informal mentoring: Processes, problems and design. Journal of Leadership Education, 31-50.

150 Leave a comment on paragraph 150 0 Jones, C. (2006). Learning from the Middle, A Study of the impact of Leading from the Middle in two city schools. UK: National College for School Leadership.

151 Leave a comment on paragraph 151 0 Kang, M., Yoo, Y.R., & Park, Y. (2012). Analyzing online mentoring process and facilitation strategies. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5158-5162.

152 Leave a comment on paragraph 152 0 Kidd, J.M., Jackson, C., & Hirsh, W. (2003). The outcomes of effective career discussion at work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119-133.

153 Leave a comment on paragraph 153 0 Koh, H.H., Gurr,D., Drysdale, L., & Ang, L.L. (2010). How school leaders perceive the leadership role of middle leaders in Singapore primary schools? Asia Pacific Educaion Review, 609-620.

154 Leave a comment on paragraph 154 0 Kram, K. (1983). Phases of the mentori Relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 608-625.

155 Leave a comment on paragraph 155 0 Kram, K. (2010, Aug 3). The Maven of Mentoring Speaks. (D. Chandler, Interviewer)

156 Leave a comment on paragraph 156 0 Kwan, H.K., Mao, Y., & Zhang, H. (2010). The impact of role modeling on protégés’ personal learning and work-to-family enrichment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 313–322.

157 Leave a comment on paragraph 157 0 Ladegard, G., & Gjerde, S. (2010). Leadership coaching, leader role-efficacy, and trust in subordinates. A mixed methods study assessing leadership coaching as a leadership developement tool. The Leadership Quarterly, 631–646.

158 Leave a comment on paragraph 158 1 Lambert, K. (1975). Research report: The role of Head of Department in schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 27-38.

159 Leave a comment on paragraph 159 0 Lankau, M.J., & Scandura, T.A. (2002). An investigation of personal learning in mentoring relationships: Content, antecedents and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 779-790.

160 Leave a comment on paragraph 160 0 Leader Growth Model, A Toolkit for Leadership Development. (2014). Singapore: Ministry of Education.

161 Leave a comment on paragraph 161 0 Leithwood, K., Harris,A., & Hopkins, D. (2014). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership & Management: Formerly School, 28(1), 27-42. doi:10.1080/13632430701800060

162 Leave a comment on paragraph 162 0 Leshem, S., & Trafford,V. (2007). Overlooking the conceptual framework. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 93-105.

163 Leave a comment on paragraph 163 0 Lim, L. H. (2005). Leadership Mentoring In Education – The Singapore Practice. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic.

164 Leave a comment on paragraph 164 0 Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.A. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hils: CA: Sage.

165 Leave a comment on paragraph 165 0 Linley, P.A., & Garcea, N. (2012). Three types of Hi-Po and Realise2 4M model:Coaching at the intersection of Strengths, Strategy and Situation. In M. Goldsmith, L. S. Lyons, & S. McArthur, Coaching for Leadership (pp. 270-278). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

166 Leave a comment on paragraph 166 0 Lyons, L. (2012). Coaching at the heart of strategy. In M. Goldsmith, L. Lyons, & S. McArthur, Coaching for Leadership (pp. 10-23). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

167 Leave a comment on paragraph 167 0 Marshall, B., Cardon,P., Poddar, A., & Fontenot, R. (2013). Does sample size matter in qualitative research? A review of qualitative interviews in IS research. The Journal of Computer Infomation Systems, 54(1), 11-22.

168 Leave a comment on paragraph 168 0 Mason, M. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum:Qualitative Social Research, 11(3), 1-14.

169 Leave a comment on paragraph 169 0 Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/ Forum: Qualitative Social Research. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204

170 Leave a comment on paragraph 170 0 Mcpherson, B. (2011). Mentoring is a way of developing leadership skills. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2011/apr/29/mentoring-developing-leadership-skills

171 Leave a comment on paragraph 171 0 Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. San Francisco. C.A.: Jossey-Bass.

172 Leave a comment on paragraph 172 0 Mertens, D. (1998). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

173 Leave a comment on paragraph 173 0 Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. CA:SAGE: Thousand Oaks.

174 Leave a comment on paragraph 174 0 Mintzer-McMahon. (2012). Coaching High-Potential Women: Using the Six Points of Influence Model for Transformational Change. In M. Goldsmith, L. S. Lyons, & S. McArthur, Coaching for Leadership (pp. 279-290). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

175 Leave a comment on paragraph 175 0 MOE. (2016, May 30). Enhancing your strengths — Career Tracks. Retrieved from https://www.moe.gov.sg/careers/teach/career-information

176 Leave a comment on paragraph 176 0 Moen, F., & Federici, R.A. (2012). The effect of external executive coaching and coaching-based leadership on need satisfaction. Organization Development Journal, 63-74.

177 Leave a comment on paragraph 177 0 Murrell, A. (2007). Five key steps for effective mentoring relationship. The Kaitz Quarterly, 1-9.

178 Leave a comment on paragraph 178 0 Newcomb, W. S. (2011). Planning for succesful mentoring. Educational Planning, 14-21.

179 Leave a comment on paragraph 179 0 Newton, N. (2010). The Use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research: strengths and weaknesses. Retrieved from http://academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi-structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses

180 Leave a comment on paragraph 180 0 Ng, P. T. (2012). Mentoring and coaching educators in the Singapore education system. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 24-35.

181 Leave a comment on paragraph 181 0 O’Connell, P. (2013). A simplified framework for 21st century leader development. The Leadership Quarterly, 183-203.

182 Leave a comment on paragraph 182 0 Orland-Barak, L., & Hasin, R. (2009). Exemplary mentors’ perspectives towards mentoring across mentoring contexts: Lessons from collective case studies. Teaching and Teacher Education, 427–437.

183 Leave a comment on paragraph 183 0 Pan, W., Sun L., & Chow, I.H.S. (2011). The impact of supervisory mentoring on personal learning and career outcomes: The dual moderating effect of self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 264-273.

184 Leave a comment on paragraph 184 0 Pride, F. (2012, March 19). Millenials: No Collar Workers. Retrieved from Media http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/millennials-no-collar-workers/318985

185 Leave a comment on paragraph 185 0 Pring, R. (2004). Philosophy of Educational Research. Bloomsbury Academic.

186 Leave a comment on paragraph 186 0 Ragins, B.R., & Kram, K.E. (2007). The Handbook of Mentoring at Work, Theory, Research and Practice. London: Sage Publications.

187 Leave a comment on paragraph 187 0 Ragins, B.R., & Scandura, T.A. (1999). Burden or blessing? Expected costs and benefits of being a mentor. Journal of Organizational Behaviour(20), 493-509.

188 Leave a comment on paragraph 188 0 Reiss, K. (2007). Leadership Coaching for Educators, Bringing Out the Best in School Administrators. Thousand Oaks: California: Corwin Press.

189 Leave a comment on paragraph 189 0 Rhodes, C., & Fletcher, S. (2013). Coaching and mentoring for efficacious leaderhsip in schools. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 47-63.

190 Leave a comment on paragraph 190 0 Robertson, J. (2008). Coaching Educational Leadership, Building Leadership Capacity through Partnership. Thousand Oaks:California: SAGE Publications.

191 Leave a comment on paragraph 191 0 Rosenfeld, P., Ehrich, L.C., & Cranston, N. (2008). Changing roles of heads of department: a Queensland case. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.

192 Leave a comment on paragraph 192 0 Ross, J.A., & Gray, P. (2006). Transformational leadership and teacher commitment to organisational values: The mediating effects of teacher efficacy. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 179-199.

193 Leave a comment on paragraph 193 0 Rossman, G.B., & Rallis, S.F. (2012). Learning in the field: An introduction to Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: CA:Sage.

194 Leave a comment on paragraph 194 0 Saldana, J. (2003). Longitudinal Qualitative Research, Analyzing Change Through Time. UK: AltaMira Press.

195 Leave a comment on paragraph 195 0 Scandura, C.A., Gavin, M.B., & Williams, E.A. (2009). Understanding team-level career mentoring by leaders and its effects on team-source Learning: The effects of intra-Group processes. Human Relations, 124-147.

196 Leave a comment on paragraph 196 0 Schmidt, M. (2000). Role theory, emotions, and identity in the department headship of secondary schooling. Teaching and Teacher Education, 827-842.

197 Leave a comment on paragraph 197 0 Schwandt, T. (2000). Three epistemological stances in qualitative inquiry. Interpretivism, hermeuntics and social contructionism. In N. a. Denzin (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second ed., pp. 189-207). Thousand Oaks: CA:Sage.

198 Leave a comment on paragraph 198 0 Seah-Tay, H. (1996). Role Conflict Among Heads of Department In Singapore Secondary schools. Singapore: National Institute of Education.

199 Leave a comment on paragraph 199 0 Seibert, S. (1999). The ffectiveness of Facilitated Mentoring:A Longitudinal Quasi-Experiment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 489-502.

200 Leave a comment on paragraph 200 0 Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 63-75.

201 Leave a comment on paragraph 201 0 Silverman, D. (2011). Interpreting Qualitative Data. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

202 Leave a comment on paragraph 202 0 Sosik, J.J., & Lee, D.L. (2002). Mentoring in organisations: A social judgement perspectives for developing tomorrow’s leaders. Journal of Leadershipa and Organisational Studies, 17-32.

203 Leave a comment on paragraph 203 0 Sosik, J.J., Godshalk, V.M., & Yammarino, F.J. (2004). Transformational leadership, learning goal orientation and expectations for career success in mentor-protege relationships: A multiple levels of analysis perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 241-261.

204 Leave a comment on paragraph 204 0 Spradley. (1979). Asking descriptiive questions. In The Ethnographic Interview (pp. 44-61).

205 Leave a comment on paragraph 205 0 Thornton, K. (2013). Mentors as educational leaders and change agents. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 18-31.

206 Leave a comment on paragraph 206 0 Tucker, P.D., Young, M.D., & Koschoreck, J.W. (2012). Leading research-based change in educational leadership preparation: An introduction. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 155-171.

207 Leave a comment on paragraph 207 0 Turner, D. (2010). Qualitative interview design: A practical guide for novice investigators. The Weekly Qualitative Report, 3(2), 7-13.

208 Leave a comment on paragraph 208 0 Wagner, T., & Kegan, R. (2006). Change Leadership: A Practical Guide to Transforming Our Schools. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

209 Leave a comment on paragraph 209 0 Wakefield, M. (2006). New views of leadership coaching. Journal for Quality and Participation, 9-12.

210 Leave a comment on paragraph 210 0 Wallace, R.A., & Wolf, A. (2006). Symbolic interactionism. Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

211 Leave a comment on paragraph 211 0 Wanberg, C.R., Kammeyer-Mueller, J., & Marchese, M. (2006). Mentor and protégé predictors and outcomes of mentoring in a formal mentoring program. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 410-423.

212 Leave a comment on paragraph 212 0 Waters, L. (2004). Protege–mentor agreement about the provision of psychosocial support: The mentoring relationship, personality, and workload. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 519-532.

213 Leave a comment on paragraph 213 0 Wise, C. (2001). The monitoring role of the academic middle manager in secondary schools. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 333-341.

214 Leave a comment on paragraph 214 0 Wise, C., & Bush, T. (2006). From teacher to manager: the role of the academic middle manager in secondary schools. Educational Reserch, 41(2), 183-195.

215 Leave a comment on paragraph 215 0 Wise, D., & Jacobo, A. (2010). Towards a framework for leadership coaching. School Leadership & Management: Formerly School Organisation, 159-169.

216 Leave a comment on paragraph 216 0 Yeap, L.L., Myint, S.K., Lim,L.H., & Low, G.T. (2005). To Empower, Be Empowered. Singapore: McGraw Hill Education (Asia).

217 Leave a comment on paragraph 217 0 Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA:Sage (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage.

218 Leave a comment on paragraph 218 0 Young, A. M., & Perrewé, P. L. (2000). The exchange relationship between mentors and protégés: The development of a framework. Human Resource Management Review, 177-209.

219 Leave a comment on paragraph 219 0  

220 Leave a comment on paragraph 220 0  

Source: http://corerj.soc.srcf.net/?page_id=335&replytopara=147